Legal Fallacies In Discussions On DDT And Humans Assignment - 550 Words

Credentials, Agendas, Biases, Legal Fallacies In Discussions On DDT And Humans (Research Paper Sample) Content: NameCourse numberTutors nameDateCredentials, agendas, biases, legal fallacies in discussions on DDT and humans.For decades, the campaigns promoting the use of DDT to combat the spread of malaria, have identified only the positive side of DDT while withholding information on the negative effects of the chemical. The credentials have been to lure more people into use of DDT for malaria control, while limiting meaningful discussions that could enlighten users on dangers of DDT use. While DDT has been used successfully for malaria control, the chemical has myriad negative effects (Herren 283; Bate et al. 1). The breakdown product of DDT referred to as DDE has been linked to male infertility, delays in development, damage of the nervous system, low birth weight and miscarriages, and cancers (Pesticide Action Network 1). The controversies here is that proponents of DDT use, shy away from discussing these adverse negative effects of DDT on humans. The agenda, in this case, has been to use fallacies to increase the use of DDT for malaria control, while exposing millions of people to other adverse effects of the chemical.One clear legal fallacy engaged in by proponents of DDT is the fallacy of omission. The fallacy happens when the use of DDT is encouraged while leaving out the dangerous negative effects of the chemical (Herren 282). Leaving out relevant material in the argument misdirects the users by making them engage in anchoring biases. Users tend to embrace the use of DDT not knowing the negative health effects they are exposed to.Another fallacy committed by the controversy surrounding DDT use is the appeal to tradition. The proponents of DDT insist on the use of the chemical just because people have used it successfully to control malaria. The argument, in this case, is made true, because people have used it before and have believed in it. Such a fallacy leads to availability cascade biases especially when the collective belief becomes true as a result of repeated use. That the premise has been useful in the past does not mean that the premise must work in the future. The argument is not relevant because it brings out the use of DDT as common sense, yet it does ignore vital questions. For example, there are alternative safe ways of combating malaria such as the use of mosquito nets, which will work better than DDT (Blumberg et al. 2080). There are also some documented drawbacks of DDT that the argument fails to consider (Pesticide Action Network 1). The new evidence on negative health benefits of DDT also puts the whole argument in doubt.The controversy surrounding the use of DDT on humans has also engaged in an appeal to force fallacy. In many ways, the supporters of DDT use have used the threat of malaria to force the audience into accepting the use of DDT (Herren 282). ...

Ice Cream Marketing Plan - 3884 Words

I. Executive Summary Ice cream is a highly favored treat for Filipino families. From reunions and get together to singular indulgence and rewards. People from all ages enjoy this coolest of comfort foods. That why we decided to come up with Fruity ice cream owned and operated by CMMS Corporation and soon will be the leading ice cream company in the Philippines or with a rapidly developing consumer brand and growing customer base. The signature line of innovative, premium, ice cream flavors include Nangkasuy, Strawberry Marble Cream, Rocky Road, Chocolate, Double Dutch, Cappuccino, Cookies and Cream, Raspberry Rapture, and Pistachio. Fruity ice cream will also servesugar free ice cream such as Choco marble, French Vanilla and Mixed†¦show more content†¦Strengths * Strong relationships with vendors that offer high-quality ingredients and fast/frequent delivery schedules. * Excellent staff who are highly trained and very customer attentive. * Great retail space that is bright, hip, clean, and loca ted in an upscale mall, suburban neighborhood, or urban retail district. * High customer loyalty among repeat customers. * High-quality dessert offerings that exceed competitor’s offerings in quality, presentation, and price. * Nutritious ice cream * Sales growth during summer and special occasions * Can be purchase easily * Can be patronize even people who are diabetic * Has sugar free flavored ice cream * Have 12 flavors to choose from Weaknesses * Fruity ice cream name lacks brand equity. * A limited marketing budget to develop brand awareness. * The struggle to continually appear to be cutting edge. * Higher price/ a little expensive compare to other brand of icecream * Developments in technology may change this market beyond our ability to adapt. * A small change in the focus of a large competitor might wipe out any market position we achieve. Opportunities * Growing market with a significant percentage of the target market still not aware that fruity ice cream exists. * Increasing sales opportunities in take-out business. * The ability toShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan for Ice Cream4529 Words   |  19 PagesMKT 700 | marketing plan for vavavoom ice cream shop | PREPARED FOR : DR FAIZAH BT ABD RAHIMPREPARED BY : NOR ISMAWARNI BT ISMAIL (2010130259) | 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this marketing plan is to outline the parameters under which the idea of producing and marketing Vavavoom ice cream in the industry. Vavavoom ice cream is a new invented product that gives benefits to society. An evaluation will be made for Vavavoom Ice Cream Shop. The evaluation will incorporate a substantialRead MoreStreets Ice Cream Marketing Plan10342 Words   |  42 Pages0 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE MARKETING STRATEGIES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 5.1 Foreign Direct Investment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 5.2 International Joint Venture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...24 5.3 Acquisition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...25 6.0 OBJECTIVES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.26 6.1 Organisation Mission and Corporate Strategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...26 6.2 Company Product/Market Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..26 7.0 RECOMMENDED MARKETING STRATEGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMarketing Plan For Ice Cream Brands1458 Words   |  6 PagesRefreshment segment includes sales of tea bags and other beverage, ice cream, nutrition supply and weight management products. 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Although they have expanded to other products such as margarine and mayonnaise they will continue to focus on their core product line, which is ice cream. The reasoning behind this is that their ice cream production constitutes the majority of their profits and it is what Ice-Fili is most skilled at. The short-term and long-term corporate goals of Ice-Fili are relatively similar in that they both are concerned withRead MoreWalls Business Strategy757 Words   |  4 PagesProduct Walls ice cream in Malaysia has a wide range of product but first of all the products that are famous and well known as well as good selling in Malaysia are Cornetto, magnum and Paddle Pop. Price WALL’s Mini Magnum, Mini Cornetto (Vanilla and Chocolate Vanilla mix pack) and Mini Hazelnut. The mini ice cream snacks will be available in exciting multipacks of six pieces for Mini Magnum, 12 pieces for Mini Cornetto and 10 pieces Mini Hazelnutfor the buying pleasure of Malaysian consumersRead MoreThe Russian Ice Cream Industry1649 Words   |  7 PagesI. How structurally attractive is the Russian ice cream industry and how is it likely to evolve? The attractiveness of the ice cream industry in Russia is based on various factors including its growth potential and market opportunities (i.e. consumption of ice cream in restaurants, cafes, supermarkets, and or households) and economic and financial stability in Russia. Due to the financial crisis in 1998, the ice cream industry realized a sharp decrease in consumption coupled with increased production

Effective Communication At A Client / Counselor Setting

Effective communication is the key to any successful relationship, especially in a client/counselor setting. Occasionally, a client will present with good communication style, but other times, scenes might culminate as the counselor teaching effective communication skills. Professional relationships can prove as less stressful when communicating with certain individuals, opposed to personal relationship interactions; I believe this to be true for me. Although, I scored 55/55 here (Engels, Barrio Minton, Ray, 2010). Looking into a situation from an outside perspective allows me to be clear, concise, and genuine with clients. I am able to remain in a learner role (of the client), and a teacher role (for the client), with reasoning orientations and intervention strategies; rather than playing a participant with emotional or physical ties to the situation. A healthy therapeutic relationship is ensured, encouraged, and developed over time, through open lines of communication. Humo r is often utilized, with many positive communication techniques and appropriate teaching moments, to mutually create hope for the betterment of the client’s future. Another region of successful counseling competencies for me is, remaining professionally proficient; as maximum points were scored (Engels, Barrio Minton, Ray, 2010). My ambition is to behave as professional as possible, regardless of personnel milieu. Advocacy and education for the helping field is always of importance to me.Show MoreRelatedA Research Study On Group Therapy1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthat can be offer to an individual dealing with anxiety is medication and therapy. Out of the two, therapy has been known to be the most effective. Although people are more familiar with traditional therapy, group therapy has become just as prolific. Group counseling is a special type of therapy composed of a small group of individuals under the guidance of a counselor. This type of therapy gives children and adolescents the opportunity to realize that they aren’t alone and other people their age areRead MoreEssay Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling1190 Words   |  5 Pages Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling Characteristics and Behaviors of Effective Counseling In order for the counseling process to be effective for the client the characteristics and behaviors of the mental health counselor must be effective. To be an effective mental health counselor the process must include both the art and science of helping clients when they struggle. This paper will address both effective and ineffective characteristics of the given transcriptRead MoreCore Functions Of A Counselor1685 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper will discuss the following 4 Core Functions of a Counselor: Case Management, Client Education, Crisis Intervention, Referral and their primary purposes. 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The need to release negative feelings and move forward towards positive change can vary by client. Good Listener – counselors spend a large amount of time listening to their client’s stories and feelings, as counselors you have to be comfortable with providing this timeRead MoreMulticultural Group Counseling : An Effective Multicultural Counselor855 Words   |  4 PagesMulticultural group counseling takes place when a counselor and/or clients are from differing cultural, race, and/or ethnicity groups. Due to the significant demographic changes that are occurring in the United States, multiculturalism is becoming increasingly important. 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Although the techniques and methods are components of the treatment, yet there still not a robot or machine to execute the interventions, as is found on the medical fieldRead MoreMulticultural Counselor Competencies Reflect On Culturally911 Words   |  4 Pages Multicultural counselor competencies reflect on culturally sensitive counselors, that are mindful of several foundational principles. These principals include, activation of schema and confirmatory bias; awareness; group differences; racial and cultural identity development; and multiple. As stated on page 230, paragraph one, The Multicultural Counseling Competencies (Arrendondo et al., 1996; Sue and et al., 1992) set standards for the development of beliefs and attitudes, k nowledgeRead MoreThe Advantage Of Therapeutic Communication In Motivational928 Words   |  4 PagesThe advantage of therapeutic communication in motivational interviewing is establishing grounds for the clients to develop self- openness and confidence to talk about their health challenges and make behavior change. In this paper, I will be discussing the importance of verbal communication skills of motivational interviewing. Verbal communication in motivational interviewing is information sharing between two or more parts by using spoken speeches to convey their intended behavior changes ( ). The

Ratio Analysis & Capital Budgeting Assignment

Question: Describe about ratio analysis capital budgeting. Answer: Ratio analysis: Net profit margin: This ratio is expressed between the net income that has been earned during the period and the sales that have been earned during the stated period. It is arrived at by dividing the net income by sales. Net profit after tax/sales 2.0% -8.4% -24.0% -11.9% The above calculated net profit margin merely shows that the profitability of the company has though changed but still the company needs to work harder so that the company could earn more amounts of profits. The company was earning losses in the initial years under review but is now earning profits. Return on assets: These are the amount of the earnings that have been earned by making an investment of the money in the various assets that have been employed in the business. The efficiency and the effectiveness of the company comes to light during the use of these assets and these are the returns that helps in the generation of the revenues for the company. It is arrived at by dividing the net income by the average of opening as well as the closing balance of the total assets. Net profit after tax/total assets 4.1% -16.6% -51.1% -19.5% The net profit that the company is getting after meeting all its expenses is coming out to be negative which shows either the expenses of the company are more or the sales of the company are too less that it is not able to cover its expenses. Hence, the company must look for the alternatives so that either the sales of the company could increase or the expenses of the company could be reduced. The sales could be increased by the way of offering discounts, advertising its products etc and the expenses could be decreased by the way of eliminating the expenses that are of no use and that are being incurred that are variable in nature. Days of inventory: It is a measure through which the company estimates the number of times the company collects the balance in the accounts receivables account. It is arrived at by dividing the sales by the average of opening and closing accounts receivable. Total assets turnover ratio: It is a measure that helps in ascertaining the extent to which the management is efficient in deploying the assets of the company in order to generate revenues. It is expressed between sales and average assets during a year. It is arrived at by dividing the sales by the average of opening and closing assets. Sales/total assets 2.09 1.98 2.13 1.64 The above shows that the total assets turnover has increased over the time pans but even then there are measures that are required to be undertaken so that the company could improve even more. The net profit that the company is getting after meeting all its expenses is coming out to be negative which shows either the expenses of the company are more or the sales of the company are too less that it is not able to cover its expenses. Hence, the company must look for the alternatives so that either the sales of the company could increase or the expenses of the company could be reduced. The sales could be increased by the way of offering discounts, advertising its products etc and the expenses could be decreased by the way of eliminating the expenses that are of no use and that are being incurred that are variable in nature. Current ratio: Current ratio is the measure that tells us as to what extent the current assets are able to pay off the current liabilities of the company. It is arrived at by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities. Current assets/current liabilities 0.16 0.15 0.26 0.20 The ratio has decreased which shows that the ability of the company to pay off the short term debts has reduced. The company must either pay off its short term debts or improve its inventories etc. it seems that the company is facing a cash crunch, it should either go for a loan or something that could improve its liquidity position. Debt equity ratio: It is a measure to ascertain the extent to which the equity as well as the liabilities of the company is used to finance its assets. It is derived by dividing the total liabilities by shareholders equity of the company. Debt/equity 2.519393513 2.871366629 2.040303615 1.869405535 This shows that the assets of the company have been financed by the equity that belongs to the shareholders which is good since if the assets of the company are financed by funds of the debt holders, then the increased amount of interest has to be paid to them. Equity ratio: The equity ratio is the ratio which is the solvency ratio of the company which this shows that the assets are financed by the owners of the instead of the debt holders. It compares the total equity of the company with the total assets (Accounting course, 2016). Equity/total assets 30.0% 27.5% 34.8% 36.9% The above shows that this ratio has reduced which is not good for the company since it shows that the increased amounts of the assets have been financed using the funds of the debt holders. Earnings per share: This is the amount of the earnings of the company. The formula is to divide the total amounts of the profits by the total number of the ordinary shares that have been issued. Net profit after tax/nos of issued ordinary shares 1.25 (4.75) (54.62) (400.82) The above shows that the earnings per share were negative but now the earnings are positive but even the profits of the company are less and the company must work hard towards decreasing its expenses or increase the sales of it. Dividend per share: This is the amount of the dividend that the company pays per share to its shareholders. Each shareholder expect something or the other on its investment. Hence, the more it is, the better it is for the company. Price earnings ratio: This is the ratio that is expressed between the earnings per share of the company and the market price of the share. Market price per share/earnings per share 12.53 (2.62) (0.69) (0.18) The data shows that the ratio has improved which makes it more viable for an investment for the investors and which must be improved more since it would end up in attracting more investors that could prove profitable for the company. Return on equity: ROE are the earnings that the company earns by investing the funds of the shareholders in the business. The more the return on equity, the better is the profitability of the business. It is arrived at by dividing the net income by the average of opening as well as the closing balance of the shareholders equity. Comprehensive Income/shareholders' equity 12.94% -60.73% -147.26% -52.79% The above shows that the net profit of the company has improved but even then there must be ways through which the net profits could be improved. The net profit that the company is getting after meeting all its expenses is coming out to be negative which shows either the expenses of the company are more or the sales of the company are too less that it is not able to cover its expenses. Hence, the company must look for the alternatives so that either the sales of the company could increase or the expenses of the company could be reduced. The sales could be increased by the way of offering discounts, advertising its products etc and the expenses could be decreased by the way of eliminating the expenses that are of no use and that are being incurred that are variable in nature. Return on net borrowing assets: The return on the net operating assets is the amount of the income which is generated when compared with the amount of the operating assets that are being used. The data used in the restated statements is very different. Operating income after tax (OI)/net operating assets (NOA) 8.974928896 9.068876444 5.636199402 3.944212204 The above shows that the return on the operating assets have improved which means that the return has improved but even then there must be more ways through which the returns must increase more. I feel that the return on the net borrowing assets must be so that it can be equal to the amount of the interest that is being paid on the borrowing assets of the company. Net borrowing cost: Net borrowing cost (N.B.C) is a ratio that tells us how much interest the business is paying for the borrowed capital it has used to purchase its assets. Net fin. expenses after tax/net financial obligations 33.09% 28.40% 53.16% 55.18% The net borrowing cost has decreased which is goods since the companys cost of interest on the borrowings has reduced which would in turn improve the amount of the net profits of the company. Profit margin: It is the ratio that is expressed between the net income that is earned by a company and the sales that are affected during that period (Boundless, 2016). It is arrived at by dividing the net income by sales. The above calculated net profit margin merely shows that the profitability of the company has though changed but still the company needs to work harder so that the company could earn more amounts of profits. The company was earning losses in the initial years under review but is now earning profits. The profit that the company is getting after meeting all its expenses is coming out to be negative which shows either the expenses of the company are more or the sales of the company are too less that it is not able to cover its expenses. Hence, the company must look for the alternatives so that either the sales of the company could increase or the expenses of the company could be reduced. The sales could be increased by the way of offering discounts, advertising its products etc and the expenses could be decreased by the way of eliminating the expenses that are of no use and that are being incurred that are variable in nature. Asset turnover: This is the ratio that signifies the ability of the company to generate the sales by using the assets of the company by the way of comparing the net sales with the average total assets (Accounting tools, 2016). Sales/net operating assets (NOA) 8.72 9.79 7.28 4.47 The date above shows that the ratio has improved which shows improvement in the way the company is using the assets of the company but more efforts must be made so that this is improved even further. Recommendations: For the ratio analysis: The ratios of the company shows an increase which shows efficiency on the part of the management and this merely indicates that the company is working hard in order to recover from the issues that it initially was facing. But even then, there must be more initiatives that must be undertaken by the company so that the company could improve some further. For NPV and IRR: The net present value of the company comes out to be positive with the rate of return to be 14%. The investment proposed to be undertaken shows a positive net present value for the company which shows that the investment could be undertaken. Also, since the net present value is positive, the product could be undertaken without any hassle. In case, the internal rate of return that is company wants comes tout to be 10% or less than 14%, then it would be wise for the company to accept the investment in this project since then the company would be in profit rather than being in losses. But I think that the net present value for the company in case it invests in the project is too less, if it could be more, then it would have been great. But even then if the company feels that this amount of return on that project is good, then the investment can be made in it without any hassles. References: Difference between Economic and Accounting Profit. (2016).Boundless. My Accounting Course. (2016).Asset Turnover Ratio | Analysis | Formula | Example. My Accounting Course. (2016).Equity Ratio | Formula | Analysis | Example.

The Impact of External Debt on the Nigerian Economy free essay sample

Prior to 2003, Nigeria’s external debt was greater than its export capacity. As for South Africa, the story is different, with a manageable debt indicator ratio better than that of Nigeria. The ratio of debt stock to GDP is a traditional debt indicator that compares a country’s debt stock with its productive capacities. By implication, the higher a country’s debt stock is, compared with its output, the greater the debt burden or indebtedness of that country. This ratio showed that debt stock was above the productive capacities of Nigeria in the year 1995, whereas the South Africa indicator ranges between 12. 3 and 22. 59 from 1994 to 2007. Nigeria’s ratio did not decline substantially until the debt relief was granted by the Paris club in 2006. The importance of this is that South Africa’s management of its debt, as well as its productive capacities, is better than that of Nigeria. The above point is well supported when one observes the debt service payment as a proportion of export, and as a proportion of GDP. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of External Debt on the Nigerian Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page South Africa had continued to honor its external obligations regularly while Nigeria accumulated service arrears. This ratio is identical for both South Africa and Nigeria, despite the huge disparity between debt stock to exports of the two countries, because South Africa had been honoring its service obligations as and when due. In Nigeria however, there is a wide disparity between service due and payments, which further exerts substantial pressure on its debt stock due to recapitalization of arrears. 239 There are limitations to the aforementioned anecdotal comparative analysis because they have not been able to ascertain existence of a debt trap facing either of the two countries. Debt stock as well as debt service indicators, mostly serve as warnings of potential danger of excessively large debt stock. Based on Van Der Merwe (1993) even though the ratio of government debt to GDP has increased relatively sharply in South Africa, there is still no â€Å"explosion† in the growth of debt. Whether or not the same argument holds water for Nigeria prior to 2005 is a different story. From Tables 1 and 2, it is extremely difficult to draw any definite conclusions alone from our international comparisons thus necessitating for additional comparative analysis on the possible impact of huge debt on growth. The thesis of this paper is to apply some econometric approaches to investigate the presence of linear or non-linear effect of debt on economic growth. Literature Review Increases in savings and investment in an economy lead to economic growth (Hunt, 2007). Sachs (2002) argues that growth will not take-off until capital stock has risen to a given threshold. As capital rises, and investment and output rise, in a virtuous circle, the saving level will also continue to rise. After a given level, the rise in both capital and savings will be sufficient to engender self-sustaining growth. The reason for opting for external finance, as a means of ensuring sustained development rather than utilizing only domestic resources, is provided by the ‘dual gap’ theory. The theory postulates that investment is a function of savings, and that in developing countries, the level of domestic savings is not sufficient to fund the needed investment to ensure economic development. Thus, it is logical to seek the use of complementary external goods and services. The acquisition of external 240 funds, however, depends on the relationship between domestic savings, foreign funds, investment, and economic growth. A guiding principle on when to borrow is a simple one. Borrow abroad so far as the funds acquired generates a rate of return that is higher than the cost of borrowing the foreign funds (Ajayi Khan, 2000). In essence, by following this guiding principle, a borrowing country is increasing capacity and expanding output with the aid of foreign savings. External debt does not automatically transform into debt burden when funds are optimally utilized. In an optimal condition, the marginal return on investment is greater than or equal to the cost of borrowing. According to Edelman (1983), the critical factors affecting debt service capacity are returns on investment, the cost of borrowing, and the rate of savings. The benefits of external borrowing have been emphasized in the literature to the neglect of the costs. Ubok-Udom (1978), enumerates the costs of external borrowing to include debt service burden which incorporates costs implied by the term structure of external loans, costs of resultant liquidity crisis, costs of the viciously cumulative debt, the manageability of the debt, costs of debt rescheduling, and costs of import substitution among others. Colaco (1985) explains debt service vulnerability in developing countries using three contexts. First, the size of external loans has reached a level that is much larger than equity finance, resulting in an imbalance between debt and equity. Secondly, the proportion of debt at floating interest rates has risen dramatically, so borrowers are hit directly when interest rates rise. Thirdly, maturities have shortened considerably in large, part because of the declining share of official flows. All the above factors are relevant to Nigeria and South Africa. Mehran (1986) argues that adequate debt management is essential in an increasingly 241 complex financial environment. Mehran also identifies the critical components of debt management as policy co-ordination, regulatory environment, accounting, and statistical analysis. The aforementioned is true since the effectiveness of measures to reach a balanced level of debt supportive of development, depends on the debtor nation adopting fiscal adjustment and structural reform. Other features are transparency and anticorruption olicies, creation and/or improvement of debt management structures, and decision making processes among others. The next issue in debt acquisition and management is the determination of a sustainable level of debt. According to Ajayi and Khan (2000), sustainable foreign borrowing is measured by several ratios, such as debt to export, debt service to export, debt to GDP (or GNP), and external debt to Gross National Income among others. However, the determination of the sustainable level of these ratios is indeterminable and their usefulness is reduced to a warning of potential explosive growth in the stock of foreign debt. For instance, if the acquisition of additional foreign debt increases the debt servicing burden more than it increases the country’s capacity to bear the burden, such an acquisition becomes undesirable and the situation must be reversed through export expansion. If export is not expanded, more borrowing will be necessitated for servicing debt and external debt will pile up above the country’s capacity to bear. According to Omotoye et al. (2006), Nigeria is the largest debtor nation in the SubSaharan Africa. They also observe, in a comparative study with Argentina (Latin America’s most severely indebted nation), that Nigeria’s external debt, as a percentage of gross national income, has been continuously higher than that of Argentina since 1985 and continued to follow an upward pattern, unlike that of Argentina. The problem is compounded, according 242 to Greene (1989), by inability of the economy to generate the requisite resources to meet repayment obligations, especially since the early 1980s.

Using the Bible for Writing Ideas

Using the Bible for Writing Ideas Using the Bible for Writing Ideas Using the Bible for Writing Ideas By Ali Hale Dwayne Phillips commented on my post How to Generate Hundreds of Writing Ideas to say: I find lots of short story ideas in the Bible. As someone once said, â€Å"The copyright has expired, so you are in no danger.† I agree that the Bible can be a very rich source of ideas. This doesn’t just apply to fiction writers – a blogger could adapt a Biblical parable as an anecdotal-style part of a blog post, for instance. Christian Fiction is a big market, with expanded versions of Bible stories and novels based on Christian themes, but that’s not what I’m focusing on here. This article is about finding inspiration from the Bible for your own writing, whether or not you’re a Christian. Ideas from Bible characters The Bible is full of fascinating characters. Some are heroic, others are villains, and many occupy the intriguing grey area in between – good men who do something awful (Moses, who kills a man; Peter, who denies knowing Jesus) or cowards whose find courage (Jonah, who tries to run away from God). If you struggle to come up with characters for your fiction, why not pick one of the people in the Bible? Here are some to start you off: Peter (one of the disciples) – hot-headed and impulsive but truly loved Jesus Judas (the disciple who betrayed Jesus) – interesting for any story about a traitor within a close-knit group Paul (wrote many of the letters in the New Testament) – radical conversion to a cause he’d formerly hated Daniel friends (Book of Daniel, in the Old Testament) – sticking to what they believe despite persecution and death threats One interesting fiction idea would be to use some of these characters in a modern day setting. I loved this article on If Bible Characters kept blogs†¦ You could also try writing Facebook profiles for different characters. There’s a list of famous Bible characters here. Ideas From Parables In the Gospels, Jesus tells lots of parables to His disciples and to various crowds. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines â€Å"Parable† as â€Å"a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle†. You can find a list of Jesus’s parables here. So how could you use them? Rewrite a parable in a modern-day setting If you have a Christian background, you’ll probably have seen a few sketches in Church which involve a parable updated to a modern-day setting (The Good Samaritan is a popular one for this). Try taking one of the parables and setting it in a modern inner city, or a high-tech office. A twist on this is to update the parable and also change the ending – this can be very effective if your readers will be familiar with the parable and will think they know what’s coming. Use a parable’s plot as the basis of a longer story Some parables could easily be expanded and developed into full-length short stories – even novels. Ones I think would work well for this are: The Unmerciful Servant (a servant is forgiven a lot of debt, but then demands repayment from a fellow servant who only owes him a little). You could try writing this as a tale-with-a-twist short story, perhaps leading the reader to expect that the servant would be merciful. The Prodigal Son (a young man demands his share of the inheritance, lives an extravagant life until the money runs out, ends up destitute and returns home to his father). This would be great for a coming-of-age story of character change. The Wicked Husbandmen (the people entrusted to take care of a vineyard kill the servants who’ve come to collect the harvested fruit, then kill the owner’s son). This could be a thriller or crime story. If you’ve used the Bible for inspiration in your writing, whether fiction or non-fiction, tell us about it in the comments Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Letter to the editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to the editor - Essay Example The students are up in arms because they claim the university president’s position suggests that deaf individuals â€Å"need to be fixed† and are in some way deficient, inferior, or second-class to other students. The university president’s position, on the contrary, is that all individuals should have access to any avenue of coping with deafness; she claims that the university should endorse freedom of choice with regard to cochlear implants. She states that no one option or approach with regard to surviving as a deaf student should be mandated universally by the university. My own opinion on this issue is that the deaf students protesting at Gallaudet are wrong and that they are trying to impose one perspective: deafness is a personal identity similar to sexual orientation, for example. I believe the students’ position is restrictive, defensive, and inappropriate for a university to uphold. The students’ position is restrictive of personal freedom in that it seeks to limit the choices that a deaf student and his/her family face with regard to the student’s coping strategies. The Gallaudet protestors claim that there is only one righteous way to manage deafness, namely by accepting one’s deafness and committing to living with the disability as a kind of personal destiny. While I am totally supportive of any pride that deaf individuals may feel about their strengths and virtues in managing the disability while living in a deaf community, attending a deaf university, and communicating in American Sign Language at high levels of proficiency, I find their attempt to force all deaf persons to follow a similar path highly dogmatic and obstructive. Vermeulen, Bon, Schreuder, Knoors, and Snik completed a study on reading comprehension with two groups of 16 children. Pre-lingual deaf children with cochlear implants were